The Cosmology of Four Spatial Dimensions

Chapter Twenty-Five

The Standard Cosmological Model of the Universe postulates the universe began as a small compact "ball" of matter that exploded producing a "big bang" and that the universe is expanding due to the aftermath of the "big bang" based primarily on the frequency shifting of the spectral lines in light called the red shift.

It interprets the red shift as an indication the stars are moving away from the earth and the greater the distance the earth is from a star the faster it is moving away.

This observation of light is similar to that of sound.

The pitch or frequency of a train's whistle "shifts' when it is moving relative to an observer than when it is stationary to an observer. The difference in the frequency of the sound of the whistle can be used to determine the relative speed of the train's movement with respect to the observer.

Similarly, many astronomers have interpreted a frequency shift of light coming from stars as an indication that they are moving away from us and therefore they have concluded the universe is expanding. They have calculated the rate at which they believe the universe is expanding based on the magnitude of the red shift of light coming from stars.

However, their calculations would be valid only if entire frequency shift associated with a red shift were due to the velocity of stars.

Chapter one postulated a volume of space is composed of a continuous non-quantized "field" of mass and energy and that light is propagated by matterenergy wave on a "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.

If this were a valid postulate, it would mean a portion of the frequency shift associated with a red shift might be due to an interaction of light with a continuous non-quantized mass component of space and not to a recessional velocity of stars.

"Shadows" does agree with many cosmologists that the universe is presently in an overall state of expansion however it disagrees with the currently accepted rates at which this expansion is occurring and defines this expansion not in terms of a "big bang" but in terms of cycle of expansions and contractions of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.

To understand how a continuous non-quantized mass component of space would effect the predicted rate of expansion of the universe requires an understanding of how and why an interaction of light with a continuous non-quantized mass component of space and effects its propagation.

Chapter two defined the quantum properties of mass and energy in terms of resonant "structures" formed in space by "vibrations" in a continuous non-quantized matter and energy field component of space.

The magnitude of these "vibrations" were defined by the equation E=mc^2 where "E" = the magnitude of a continuous non-quantized energyfield component of space and m = the magnitude of a continuous non-quantized matterfield component of space.

These resonant "structures are call a mattercule or "quantum mass unit of space".

In Chapter three, the propagation of light and the quantized energy of individual photons was derived in terms of a matterenergy wave on a "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension. It was shown a coupling of resonant "vibrations" in a continuous non-quantized matter and energy field component of space, defined in Chapter two, from one "quantum mass unit of space" to the next generates a quantized matterenergy wave on a "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.