The structure of Quarks with repect to four spatial dimensions

Chapter Twenty

The relative masses of the

Fundamental Quantum Particles

As Brian Greene pointed out in his book "The Elegant Universe": One of the unsolved mysteries of modern particle physics is why every fundamental particle encountered to date consists of particles that can be group into three families.

"Physicists have recognized a pattern among these particles displayed in the table appearing at this web site. The matter particles neatly fall into three groups, which are often called families. Each family contains two of the quarks an electron or one of its cousins and one of their neutrino species. The corresponding particle types across the three families have identical properties except for their mass, which grows larger in each successive family."

The answer to Brian Greene's question regarding why the particles in the above table have "identical properties except for their mass, which grows larger in each successive family" is related to resonant "structures" that defined a fundamental quantum particle in Chapter two, energy gradients in a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension that Chapter thirteen derived as being responsible for the magnitude and polarity of a unit electric charge, and a mechanism defining relative masses of quantum particles Chapter eight and twelve.

In Chapter one "Shadows" postulated a volume of space is composed of a continuous non-quantized "field" of mass and energy and four spatial dimensions instead of four-dimensional space-time.

Later, in Chapter two, the quantum properties of mass and energy were defined in terms of integral energies associated with resonant "structures" formed in space by "vibrations" in a continuous non-quantized mass and energy components of space.

These resonant "structures" are called mattercules or "quantum mass units of space".

In Chapter eight, the relative masses of the proton and electron were derived in terms of "where" a "resonant equilibrium" was established with respect to a continuous non-quantized mass and energy component space internal to a "quantum mass units of space" defined in Chapter two. It was shown the relative magnitude of a spatial "separation" between two "surfaces" of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension determined where the resonant equilibrium was established.

In Chapter thirteen the magnitude of a unit electrical charge was derived in terms of energy gradients in a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension caused by a rotation of a continuous non-quantized mass components of space.

It was shown energy gradients in a three-dimensional space manifold cause a "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension to become either "depressed" for a positively charged particle or "elevated" for a negatively charged particle.

The spatial "separation" caused by an "elevation" in a "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold associated with an energy gradient of an electron causes the "resonant equilibrium" between a continuous non-quantized mass and energy field components of the electron to shift "away" from the matterfield component of space. While the spatial "separation" caused by a "depression" in a "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold associated with the energy gradient of a proton causes the "resonant equilibrium" between the mass and energy components of the proton to shift "towards" the mass component of the space. This causes the mass of an electron to be less than the mass of a proton.

In Chapter twelve, the mass of a macroscopic object, such as a star or planet was derived in terms of the quantity of a continuous non-quantized mass component of space contained in a "depression" in a three-dimensional space manifold with re