Gravity and four spatial dimensions?

Chapter Thirteen

The Unit Electrical Charge

The relative magnitude of a unit electrical charge is a result of an interaction between energy gradients in a "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension and the resonant "structure" of a "quantum mass unit of space" defined in Chapter two.

(The mechanism proposed here for magnitude of a unit electric charge has similarities to the mechanism responsible for gravitational force defined earlier in Chapter twelve in that they are both related to energy gradients in a "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.)

In Chapter one "Shadows" postulated a volume of space is composed of a continuous non-quantized field of mass and energy.

In Chapter nine the relative magnitude of an electric potential was derived in terms of an energy gradient generated in a "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension by a "rotation" of a continuous non-quantized mass or matterfield component of space.

It was shown the direction of rotation of a continuous non-quantized matterfield component of space determines the polarity of an electric charge. If an energy gradient generated by "counter clockwise rotation" in a continuous non-quantized mass component of three-dimensional space is defined as a positive electric charge, an energy gradient generated by "clockwise rotation" in a continuous non-quantized mass component of space would defined a negative electric charge.

Chapter eight derived the relative masses of a proton and electron in terms of similar energy gradients in a "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension. It was shown the density of a continuous non-quantized mass component of space associated with an energy gradient is dependent on the direction of rotation of the matterfield component of space responsible for generating that energy gradient.

Therefore, Chapters eight and nine defined relative magnitude of the mass and electric energy associated with a proton and electron in terms of a common mechanism related to energy gradients in a "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth *spatial* dimension.

However, the relative magnitude of a unit electric charge associated with a proton and electron is related to the mechanism defining the quantum properties of a proton and electron in Chapter two.

Chapter two defined a "quantum mass units of space" associated with a proton and electron in terms of a resonant "structure" generated by energy gradients in a "surface" of a three-dimensional space manifold with respect to a fourth spatial dimension.

In Chapter nine, it was shown the "rotational" direction of a continuous non-quantized mass component of space associated with similar electric charges would generate stress on the space between them. Therefore, to reduce the stress on space, the energy gradients associated with the electrical charge of an individual proton or electron will repel each other.

Therefore the relative magnitude of the unit electrical charge can only be equal to the magnitude of "rotational" energy of the continuous non-quantized mass component of space associated with a single "quantum mass unit of space" that defined the quantum properties of proton and electron in Chapter two.

Since, as Chapter nine and Chapter eight indicated the rotational energy of a continuous non-quantized mass component of space responsible for both the mass and electrical energy of a proton and electron are identical, the relative magnitude of the electric charge associated with a proton or electron will be identical.

This defines the mechanism responsible for the relative magnitude of the unit electric charge associated with a proton and electron in terms of an energy gradient associated with a quantum mass unit of space defined in Chapter two.